[109] The boy is then fully inducted into his caste status as a Dvija with the obligation to observe henceforth all commensal rules and other caste obligations(Newar: ).[107]. "Newar" redirects here. Seasonal songs and ballads are associated with particular seasons and festivals. Twice-born (Brahmin and Kshatriya) Newars Rajopdhyyas and Chatharyas additionally perform the Upanayana initiation where the boy receives his sacred thread (Sanskrit: ) and the secret Vedic mantras RV.3.62.10 (Gyatr mantra) for Brahmins and RV.1.35.2 (Shiva mantra) for Chatharyas. After this, he resumes his normal life as a full-fledged adult of his community. [89] Over the last two centuries, Newars have fanned out of the Kathmandu Valley and established trade centers and settled in various parts of Nepal. [26] Snellgrove and Richardson (1968) speak of 'the direct heritage of pre-Islamic India'. The next ceremony common to both men and women is marriage. Many of the traditional handicrafts of the Newar focus on religious objects. Formed by an ancient lake-bed, the valley is an amphitheater roughly 24 km (15 mi) across and about 1,300 m (4,300 ft) above sea level. A genealogy of kings is recorded in a chronicle called Gopalarajavamsavali. Well, talking back to the ceremony, he must don the yellow/orange robes of the mendicant and beg rice from his relatives. Marriage is usually arranged by parents who use a gobetween(lamee). Your email address will not be published. Around the age of seven months, a first-feeding ceremony (known as Maca Jankwa) is held in the presence of family and priests. Women are able to move outside the house with greater ease than Brahman and Chhetri women and also are able to start up their own businesses. [33] According to this manuscript, the Gopal kings were followed by the Mahispals and the Kirats before the Licchavis entered from the south. Many Newars also speak Nepl, which is used for official purposes and for inter-group communication. This event is considered a Tantric grace rite that qualifies a Bajracharya to become a priest. Elaborately carved windows and wooden doors adorn the houses of the Newar aristocracy. These ceremonies roam up around a single persons life from birth till death, actually even after death. For about a thousand years, the Newar civilization in Central Nepal preserved a microcosm of classical North Indian culture in which Brahmanic and Buddhist elements enjoyed equal status. One problem facing the Newars, who are classed by the government as janajatis, is whether or not to take advantage of the benefit offered by this status. Jyapu men also have a distinctive version of the taplan suruw. POPULATION: 31 million The ballad Rajamati about unlucky lovers is widely popular. This is also why, even after the death of the husband, a Newari girl is never considered a widow. Until the conquest of the valley by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1769,[29] all the people who had inhabited the valley at any point of time were either Newar or progenitors of Newar. Newar women's roles are both like and unlike those of women in patrilineal households in other cultures in South Asia. These include many jatras (e.g., Indra Jatra, Macchendra Jatra, and numerous festivals for Bhairava), when images of the deities are carried through the streets in procession. With the parsi is worn the misa-laa , a long-sleeved blouse that fastens at the side of the chest; the jani , a wide sash tied around the waist; and the ga or scarf. Trade and industry developed. Newars make up roughly 5.5% of Nepal's population, or some 1,245,232 people (Census of Nepal 2001). We are not sure about the death ceremony, Besides that, you could take participate in every other ceremony. A second category of observances includes the worship of clan gods as well as festivals of the Hindu calendar, such as Holi (the worship of Krishna) in the spring and Divali (a festival of lights that, in some areas, marks the beginning of the new year) in the fall. The musical style and musical instruments are still in use today. This is symbolic of going to heaven. [45] Three further Janku ceremonies are performed at similar auspicious milestones at age 83, 88 and 99. It is decorated with glitters and colorful beads (potya). Besides this, three more Janku ceremonies are consequently celebrated at the age of 83, 88, and 99. The groom sends the bride's mother a gallon of milk as a symbolic act of repayment for her having suckled his future wife. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. LOCATION: Indonesia (Bali) LOCATION: India (Orissa state) [34] Gai Jatra, when cows are decorated and led through the streets in a parade, is a festival of particular importance to Hindu Newars, as the cow holds a sacred place in Hinduism. The term Newar is derived from Nepal, and the Kathmandu Valley, the heart of Newar territory, remains the political and cultural focus of the kingdom to this day. The games which had been played by prasanga people from their ancient time can be classified as Newa games. [106], In this ceremony, Buddhist Newars Gubhju-Bar (Bajracharya-Shakya), Ury, Jyapu and few artisan castes like Chitrakr perform their Pravrajy (Sanskrit: ) ceremony by mimicking Gautama Buddha's ascetic and medicant lifestyle and the steps to attain monkhood and nirvana where the boy stays in a Buddhist monastery, Vihara, for three days, living the life of a monk and abandoning all material pleasures. Newar reign over the valley and their sovereignty and influence over neighboring territories ended with the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley in 1769 by the Gorkhali Shah dynasty founded by Prithvi Narayan Shah. Only the higher echelons in the caste system claim to be exclusively Buddhist or Hindu. The Ihi ceremony becomes the most memorable moment for a Newari girl if she manages to remember it. This ritual is done among the girl between the ages of four to eleven before reaching the period of puberty, where they are married to lord Shiva that the fruit is kept in his place. The Lichchhavis had come to Nepal from India. [4] Newar rule in Nepal Mandala ended with its conquest by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1768. Dressed as a bride, a girl undergoes the symbolic rituals of a typical marriage. Subscribe to receive occasional updates about Bhaktapur. [12][13] Unlike other common-origin ethnic or caste groups of Nepal, the Newars are regarded as an example of a nation community with a relict identity, derived from an ethnically diverse, previously existing polity. [4] Buddhist stupas (shrines) dating to the 3rd century bc are all that is left of the early cultures of the Kathmandu Valley, but numerous magnificent stone sculptures survive from the subsequent Licchavi period. , , (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Cultural Anthropology, University of Uppsala, Sweden), Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations", "Nepal, the Kathmandu Valley, and Some History", "Language, Caste, Religion and Territory: Newar Identity Ancient and Modern", "A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language", "Essays on the Languages, Literature and Religion of Nepal and Tibet", "Social Consequences of Marrying Visnu Nryana: Primary Marriage among the Newars of Kathmandu Valley", "An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal and of the Territories Annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha", "Buddhism, Himalayan Trade, and Newar Merchants", http://web.comhem.se/~u18515267/CHAPTERII.htm#_ftn49, "A Portrait of Buddhism in Licchavi Nepal", "The Intangible Cultural Heritage of Nepal: Future Directions", "Linguistic Archaeology of the Nepal Valley: A Preliminary Report", "The Earliest Dated Document in Nepal Bhasa: The Palmleaf from Uku Bahah NS 234/AD 1114", "Population Classified by First Language Spoken", Nepal govt urged to give autonomy to Newa state, "Bhutan's Endangered Temple Art Treasures", "Traditional Art In Upheaval: The Development Of Modern Contemporary Art In Nepal", "Architectural jewels lost in haphazard urbanisation", "Ritual and Identity in the Diaspora: The Newars in Sikkim", "Karunamaya Jatra in Newar Buddhist Culture", "Sithi Nakha: The Newar Environment Festival", "Food, Ritual and Society: A Study of Social Structure and Food Symbolism among the Newars", "The Svanti Festival: Victory over Death and the Renewal of the Ritual Cycle in Nepal", "A Modern Newar Guide for Vajrayana Life-Cycle Rites", "Sacrifice, Regeneration and Gifts: Mortuary Rituals among Hindu Newars of Kathmandu", Elements of Newar Buddhist Art:Circle of Bliss, An authentic source of information on Madhyapur Thimi, a rich Newar town, Newah Site Pasa Puchah Guthi, United Kingdom, Newars, new and old French scholar Grard Toffin's work on Newars, Newar Society: City, Village and Periphery. By sending their lads to vihar and Buddhist monasteries for three days to live a life like a monk. Identification. Once such important rite of passage ceremony among the male Newars is performing the loin-cloth and head-shaving ceremony called Chudkarma (Newar: ) followed by the Bratabandha or Kaeta Puja (Newar: ) which is traditionally performed for boys aged five to thirteen according to the religious affiliation Newars identify with. Newari painting is religious in nature and encompasses the illuminated manuscripts of the 11th century to more recent Tibetan-style thankas (painted scrolls). Theaters in the cities show movies, mostly Indian. The "yukan," the washing of the corpse. Building elements like the carved Newar window, roof struts on temples and the tympanum of temples and shrine houses exhibit traditional creativity. Musical bands accompany religious processions in which an idol of a deity is placed in a chariot or portable shrine and taken around the city. This tradition has the significance of showing the changing life cycle of the girl from a child into an adolescent and is carried out with the belief that the Sun will protect the . Encyclopedia.com. [88] The Newars of Kathmandu founded Pokhara in 1752 at the invitation of the rulers of Kaski. Both Buddhamargi and Sivamargi Newars are Tantricists, Within the Newar community, many different esoteric Tantric cults of Buddhist, Shaiva, and Vaishnava denominations are practiced. keystyle mmc corp login; thomson reuters drafting assistant user guide. The dramas are based on stories from the epics, and almost all of them were written during the 17th and 18th centuries. "[41] An indigenous Newar Christian community thus became established. The clan of Buddhist priests Gubhju-Bar (Bajracharya and Shakya) goes through an additional initiation ceremony. Traditionally, parents and go-betweens arrange the marriage. Epic poetry describing historical events and tragedies are very popular. Supari - A Traditional Newari Wedding Ceremony . During this ritual, the bride distributes ten betel nuts to each family member. Nepal: Profile of a Himalayan Kingdom . More than two-thirds of this number are concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley. Jyapu women have a distinctive sari called Hku Patsi which is a black sari with distinctive red border. [5] Newars form a linguistic and cultural community of primarily Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities following Hinduism and Buddhism with Nepal Bhasa as their common language. Musicians from the Nau (barber) and Jyapu (farmer) castes accompany the procession to the cremation ground, which is usually on the banks of a river. In special or auspicious moments of life like birthdays, weddings, long journeys, return safely from the journey, or any kind of accident, Sagun is given. Well, it. An expanding tourism industry has also created opportunities for employment. These are called shora sanskar karma which indicates the 16 rites in Hindu and Buddhist religions. Newar Buddhism is the form of Vajrayana Buddhism practiced by the Newar people of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The second main meal of the day is eaten after sunset and is similar to the morning meal but may include some meat dishes. Newar religion is a mix of Mahyna Buddhism (the sect of Buddhism that reveres Buddha as divine), Hinduism, and older animistic beliefs. Out of the three main cities of the Kathmandu Valley which are historically Newar, the city of Patan is the most Buddhist containing the four stupas built by Indian emperor Ashoka. [7] Newars have continued their age-old traditions and practices and pride themselves as the true custodians of the religion, culture and civilisation of Nepal. School attendance rates are higher among boys, residents of urban areas, and children from wealthier households. The most important shrines in the Valley are Swayambhu Maha Chaitya or Swayambhunath (Buddhist) and Pashupatinath (Hindu). Among the numerous items available are statues of deities, prayer wheels, thankas (painted scrolls), Nepl khukhrs (curved knives), and paper mach dance masks. 'Gufa' is a ritual performed by Newari girls of age 9 to 13 before her first menstruation as the significance of beginning of her womanhood. Images of Hindu goddesses, for instance, are found at the sacred Buddhist stupa (shrine) at Swayambhunath. Other festivals are marked by family feasts and worship. [55], Nepal Bhasa is one of the five languages in the Sino-Tibetan family with an ancient literary tradition. Some of the popular cuisines that are prepared with the festivals are: Elaborate ceremonies chronicle the life cycle of a Newar from birth till death. Ritual dresses consist of pleated gowns, coats and a variety of headresses. Licchavis of Vajji, Kosala, and Malla (I)) that arrived at different periods eventually merged with the local native population by adopting their language and customs. In the Upper . Our City, Our Pride. The Newari are a mixed ethnic minority of Tibetans and Indians who, for centuries, have inhabited the beautiful hills near the Himalayas. As a human being, one has to go through many events to qualify as a member of a community.Each event closes a chapter in life, and opens up another. Rituals to be performed after cremation till the 13th day after death 1. It serves as a time to grieve, honor the deceased, memorialize them, and support their family and friends. . The name Newar has no ethnic implications, but refers to the mixed peoples of both Mongoloid and Mediterranean stock who have settled the region over a period of more than 2,000 years. Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduni is a tragedy song about a newly married couple. Most of the chief monuments are located in the Durbar Squares of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur, the old royal palace complexes built between the 12th and 18th centuries.[83]. Usually, children are the participants of the parade. Early works in Newari were translations from Sanskrit, but by the 14th century ad, Newari histories started appearing. A trilogy based on a 12-year research on Newari life cycle rituals arrives in the scholarly scene. NEWARI, BUDDHIST LITERATURE INBeginning with Sanskrit inscriptions dating from the fifth century c.e., the large mid-montane Himalayan valley called Nepal has been a vibrant cultural center where both Hindu and Buddhist traditions have flourished. They can cook all foods except rice to be used for ceremonial purposes and can attend ceremonial family feasts, although they are not supposed to carry water or touch god images, sacred utensils, or priests. After the date is fixed, the eldest member of family or priest perform the puja. It has developed unique socio-religious elements, which include a non-monastic Buddhist society based on the Newar caste system and patrilineality.The ritual priestly (guruju) caste, vajracharya (who perform rituals for others) and shakya (who perform rituals mostly within their own . Living where they do, Newars have access to the modern amenities offered by the city of Kathmandu and nearby towns. . Tibetan influences on Newar art can be seen in the Golden Gate of Bhaktapur, a mid-18th century gilded copper gate considered the single most important work of art in the valley. Abandoning all material pleasures. Kathmandu: Educational Enterprise, 1980. Today, Newari is written in Devanagari, a script used to write Sanskrit, although several alphabets derived from ancient Indian systems of writing have been used in the past. Many of the Newars' social problems are typical of populations in other developing countries. RELIGION: Indigenized version of Hinduism [72] Traditional Newar art is basically religious art. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1972. Traditionally, the process of bahra starts with a pooja conducted by the eldest woman of the house. And act as if he is preparing to wander out into the world. Hindu and Buddhist alike always worship Ganesh first in every ritual, and every locality has its local Ganesh shrine (Ganesh Than). Traditional Newa music consists of sacred music, devotional songs, seasonal songs, ballads and folk songs. Newar women's restrictions at menstruationa time of impurity for higher caste Hindusare considerably less. This work can be seen in temples, palaces, and courtyards throughout the Kathmandu Valley. Due to the caste culture, Rajopdhyyas and Chatharyas additionally perform the Upanayana initiation. Outside Nepal, many Newars have settled in Darjeeling and Kalimpong[90] in West Bengal, Assam, Manipur and Sikkim, India. While Shakyas and Bajracharyas forbid women to the cremation site, other communities of Newars let the female members of the deceased join the funeral procession. They have greater freedom than their Brahman and Chhetri counterparts in Nepal, but nonetheless occupy the same subservient status in society. Be the first one to review. Woman wear cheeparsi (sari) and gaa (long length shawl) while younger girls wear ankle-length gowns (bhntnlan). In a Newari culture too, almost every ritual is as same as in other communities. "Newars with their proud cultural history and economic status were never janajatis and will never claim that status," wrote Pradip Shrestha, a Newar, in the weekly Nepal Jagaran . The girls are given a traditional Newari facial called khwao which is made of rice flour, roasted fenugreek flour, sandalwood, and other herbs to make them more beautiful. This two-day long ceremony holds a marriage ritual henceforth, you can see in a typical Newari marriage there is no need to go to the brides house for the groom. Liquors are served in Salinch ( bowls made of clay) and Kholch ( small metal bowls). And also the longest jatra of Nepal Rato Machindra Nath Janka is celebrated by Newars mostly on Patan. They attacked Kathmandu during the reign of King Bhuwan Singh and defeated him. Bandipur, Baglung, Silgadhi and Tansen in west Nepal and Chainpur and Bhojpur in east Nepal contain large Newar populations. The two godchildren are Ganesh and Bhairav. The Kirantas settled in different places of Nepal, especially in the eastern Himalayas in the seventh century B.C. To perform the ceremony, first of all, girl's parents ask their priest to dedicate a suitable date. These are often served by priests from the lower castes, and their worship involves blood sacrifice and offerings of liquor. [59] Since then, it suffered a period of decline due to political oppression. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. [41] When the Mallas were overthrown by the Gurkhas, the Newar Christians took refuge in India, settling first in the city of Bettiah and then later moving eleven kilometres north to Chuhari. It is believed that before the ritual the departed soul is a preta (evil spirit), and after performing this ritual . [49] Inscriptions in Nepal Bhasa emerged from the 12th century, the palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Bahah being the first example. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"nWg2gy05smK9qhKQcw8xykLZs5vxxp1ovZuLIDo9NTw-86400-0"}; There are women's organizations, such as the Kathmandu Federation of Business and Professional Women, which serve as forums to articulate the interests and problems of women in Nepal, particularly those related to working women. The first Janwa is called "Bhimratharohan", the second "Chandraratharohan", the third "Devaratharohan", and the fourth "Divyaratharohan". The first one is ihi- the marriage with god vishnu . The main festivals of the Kathmandu Valley are inter-caste celebrations held at particular locations. [56] The earliest known document in Nepal Bhasa is called "The Palmleaf from Uku Bahal" which dates from 1114 AD during the Thakuri period.[57]. The valley's trademark is the multiple-roofed pagoda which may have originated in this area and spread to India, China, Indochina and Japan. Required fields are marked *. This event also brought a ton of change to his life. Thats why many people prefer saying gufa to this ritual. Two names are given to the Newar child, one by the astrologer (Joshi) based on a horo-scope, and the other by the family. The Newars believe in the existence of witches skilled in the black arts and in demons, ghosts, and evil spirits that haunt cremation grounds and crossroads. RELATED ART, PRONUNCIATION: sin-huh-LEEZ Nepal Bhasa script is a group of scripts that developed from the Brahmi script and are used primarily to write Nepal Bhasa and Sanskrit. Subsequently, people conduct offerings and rituals within four, seven, eight, 13, and 45 days following the death. LOCATION: India LANGUAGE: Balinese [citation needed], For centuries, Newar merchants have handled trade between Tibet and India as well as exporting locally manufactured products to Tibet. Street celebrations include pageants, jatras or processions in which a car or portable shrine is paraded through the streets and sacred masked dances. Afterward, he must shave his head like that when someone from his clan or family passes away. The term "Nepali" refers to any person born within the borders of the kingdom of Nepal or from, PRONUNCIATION: aw-REE-(y)uh [107] The Buddhist priestly clan Gubhju-Bar (Bajracharya and Shakya) go through an additional initiation ceremony called Bare Chuyegu (becoming a Bar) while Bajracharya boys are further required to go through Acharyabhisheka (Sanskrit: ) which is a Tantric initiation rite that qualifies a Bajracharya to perform as a purohita. These tribes however retained their Vedic culture and brought with them their Sanskritic languages, social structure, Hindu religion and culture, which was assimilated with local cultures and gave rise to the current Newar civilisation. (February 22, 2023). The Newar are the indigenous population found in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. ." The Newar follow the Nepl habit of eating two main meals a day. And of course, before the menstruation of girls. During this time, mourners can't eat certain vegetables or meat. Kana kana picha (Blindfold game), Piyah (a game played with stone by pushing stone within the marks drawn in the ground), Gatti ( another game played with stone by hand), pasa are some games played by Newar people since ancient time. Nonetheless, Newar women still fulfill the roles of running the household and bearing children, preferably sons to continue the lineage, which are so typical of women in South Asian societies. They were brave. All the Newars except the Laakumi and Jogi caste, cremate their dead bodies. While Ihi and Brh reflect the influence of Hindu patriarchal responses to widowhood and menarche, they also provide a ritual embodiment of a distinctly Newari attitude toward women (Kunreuther . [75] Stone sculpture, wood carving, repouss art and metal statues of Buddhist and Hindu deities made by the lost-wax casting process[76] are specimens of Newar artistry. It is a common ritual where the bride abandons her family and adopts her husbands name and family. So, the history of Newar correlates to the history of the Kathmandu Valley (or Nepala Mandala) prior to the establishment of the modern state of Nepal. The Vajracharyas, Buddhist priests, will adamantly maintain that they are Buddhists, and so will the Bare (Shakya). Just above the level of the family is an important Newar socio-ritual organization known as the guthi. Death-pollution rituals are performed for a period of 10 to 12 days, and the mourning period ends with a feast and a purification ceremony (ghasu). Marriage with god vishnu normal life as a time to grieve, the. To vihar and Buddhist alike always worship Ganesh first in every ritual, after! Research on Newari life cycle rituals arrives in the eastern Himalayas in the scholarly scene a newly couple. ( potya ) of Vajrayana Buddhism practiced by the Newar people of the husband, a girl the! Newar Christian community thus became established offered by the Gorkha Kingdom in 1768 the dramas based... 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